Did Bryce Harper Cheat in the Home Run Derby?

The 2018 Home Run Derby was an awesome spectacle despite what appeared, on paper, to be a lackluster field. Bryce Harper, who somehow has 173 career homers and is still just 25, won the event in a dramatic finale that saw him best fellow catcher-turned-outfield-slugger Kyle Schwarber.

Or did he?

You watch the derby? @CWagzzz Harper cheated. #Justice4Schwarber

— Bart Christopher (@usabarty) July 17, 2018

I noticed it watching live- Harper DID NOT WIN THIS DERBY !!! #justice4Schwarber https://t.co/yr5vHLJNJn

— Tim Weeter (@twee1974) July 17, 2018

@kschwarb12 Great job last night! You won the Derby! GO CUBS! #Justice4Schwarber

— Chris Young (@chrisyoungg1816) July 18, 2018

Schwarber won. No debate. #justice4Schwarber

— maria tirabassi (@tirabassimaria) July 17, 2018

Yes, that’s #Justice4Schwarber trending on Twitter. My personal favorite hashtag, though, was this:

awesome, Bryceghazi is here https://t.co/cNUxLbYAQl

— Jay Jaffe (@jay_jaffe) July 17, 2018

people really out here acting like bryce harper getting credit for homers he didn’t really deserve is something new? #bryceghazi pic.twitter.com/Yypwu8YBhC

— Jesse Spector (@jessespector) July 17, 2018

In short, the Twitterverse (mostly, to be fair, Cubs Twitterverse) was abuzz with the sentiment that Bryce Harper won the Home Run Derby by cheating. Specifically, by doing this:

Bryce Harper switched into BEAST MODE for the last 30 seconds of his final round! #SCtop10 pic.twitter.com/0va6KsWadb

— SportsCenter (@SportsCenter) July 17, 2018

It's not over until @Bharper3407 says it's over. pic.twitter.com/UATq8M2ldV

— MLB (@MLB) July 17, 2018

You can also see that video here. In terms of what it shows, it’s pretty obvious: during the last minute-plus of his final round, Ron Harper (who, by the way, has alarmingly immense limb musculature) didn’t wait for Bryce’s batted balls to hit the ground before tossing another pitch to his son. It’s also pretty clear that, absent those extra pitches, Bryce wouldn’t have been able to catch Schwarber. As Jay Jaffe explained yesterday (emphasis mine):

[T]he 25-year-old Nationals superstar did have his back to the wall in the final round against fifth-seeded Kyle Schwarber, but with nine homers in the final minute — on 10 swings by my count, though ESPN’s broadcast said nine in a row — he tied the Cubs slugger’s total of 18. On the second pitch of the 30-second bonus period, he lofted a 434-foot drive to center field, then did a two-handed bat flip as the crowd went wild, and quickly handed the trophy to his barrel-chested father, Ron, who had pitched to him[.]

But before we toss out Harper’s Derby trophy, we should point out that it’s not at all clear from the reporting what rule Ron actually broke. The “ball must hit the ground” rule isn’t listed here, or here, or here. It’s not listed in the official guide that MLB Communications provided for the new Derby Rules in 2015. It’s not in the 2018 Official Baseball Rules. It’s not in the rules for various collegiate and intramural home-run derbies. A few reports, like this one from Craig Calcaterra, have mentioned that the rule exists, but it took some doing to find it… here, with this summary of last year’s Home Run Derby Rules.

Each round is four minutes long, which starts as soon as the first pitch is released. Each subsequent pitch can’t be released before the previous batted ball is a home run, is caught, hits the ground, or leaves the field in foul territory.

As it turns out, the actual rules governing the Home Run Derby are found in Attachment 16 to the Collective Bargaining Agreement, which is a letter from Daniel Halem to Rick Shapiro. Daniel Halem is the chief legal officer of Major League Baseball, and a lawyer. Rick Shapiro is a senior advisor to Tony Clark at the MLB Players’ Association, and a lawyer. Because you definitely want two lawyers writing the rules for the Home Run Derby. Anyway, here’s the official text of the Rule in question.

That “lead official” is a reference to the Home Run Derby umpire. Dayn Perry at CBSSports pointed out that the umpire did, from his limited appearances in the telecast, appear to tell the pitchers when to throw again. And though we don’t have definitive proof that Ron was following the umpire’s lead, it’s also worth noting that he wasn’t just grabbing and throwing. He takes a ball, comes to a stop, and then throws, just as he would if he were awaiting an umpire’s signal. If that’s what was happening, Twitter’s grievance is with the umpire, not with Ron or Bryce. Ron was just doing what he was told.

On the other hand, if we’re going just on the language of the rule, it’s hard to make a convincing case that Harper didn’t violate it. There’s video proof that, on multiple occasions, Ron threw the next pitch before Bryce’s moonshot landed. However, the Rule also fails to prescribe a penalty. And since we’re firmly in the land of the absurd (we are, after all, applying the law to a home-run hitting contest), it’s worth noting that the idea of noncompliance as a feature, rather than a bug, of certain legal systems is pretty well established. Of course, that’s more in the context of international law rather than baseball, but they’re of almost equal importance.

Anyway, the real point here is one that might surprise some readers — namely that there isn’t a penalty for every violation of rule or law. Sometimes the statute doesn’t have one, sometimes the courts won’t create one, and sometimes the drafters imagine that a rule is so unimportant that it’s not worth punishing noncompliance. After all, every punishment has a social cost. If you get caught speeding, for example, that $125 ticket is lost money to the economy, but we as a society have decided that the economic loss from your ticket is worth less than the social good of deterring speeding.

On the other hand, some laws feature no attendant penalty for a reason. (Whether you think it’s a good or bad reason is up to you.) In some large cities like Los Angeles and Chicago, for example, there are municipal ordinances requiring landlords to give their tenants written information on preventing the spread of bedbugs. Those ordinances, however, don’t prescribe a penalty for not giving out that information, and courts have been reluctant to create one. That’s because the city governments decided that the existence of the law is enough to get most landlords to comply, and incentivizing the ones who don’t isn’t worth the social cost. Whether or not that decision was correct is for another article.

What does this have to do with Bryce Harper? Even if Ron and Bryce broke the rule — and even if they won only because they broke the rule — there appears to be no language to suggest that those dingers ought to be disqualified. In fact, if you read through the letter cited above, there are no penalties for noncompliance included in any of the rules for the Home Run Derby. Now, to be fair, writing in penalties wouldn’t make sense, because it would (a) penalize potentially inadvertent mistakes in a meaningless entertainment skills contest and (b) show someone was spending way too much time creating really technical rules for a meaningless entertainment skills contest. So we can definitively put to bed the idea that Kyle Schwarber is the “real” winner: he didn’t hit more home runs than Harper, so he lost. Harper may have broken the rules, but he was probably obeying the umpire, and there’s no penalty for breaking the rules anyway.

One more thing. As some in the Twitterverse pointed out, Harper wasn’t the only cheater.

Well I got Hoskins, Muncy, and Harper right, and would have gotten Bregman if Schwarber didn't cheat.#HomeRunDerby

— Randy (@randyscholz) July 17, 2018

Just accept the loss, even if he didn’t “cheat” people would cry about his BA. Btw Hoskins did it twice, and Kyle did it once

— ChaseFor28 (@MattSiegel25) July 17, 2018

I STILL FUCKING LOVE @kschwarb12 Didn’t cheat like Hoskins and didn’t even need the bonus. #HRDerby? ?

— Steve Ja?es (@BigBuckeye24) July 17, 2018

@teixeiramark25 are we just gonna pretend like Hoskins didn’t cheat? He wasn’t waiting for the ball to land

— Jake Robinson (@JDR316) July 17, 2018

It’s almost like we were watching a game where the rules didn’t matter.