Managerial Report Cards: American League Division Series

With the ALDS finally finished, I’m continuing my annual series grading each manager’s playoff decision-making. As always, I’m focusing on the lineup and pitching decisions that each manager made in the course of their series. I’m honing in on process rather than results, and taking into account the limitations of each roster.
That might mean not docking Dusty Baker, in a future edition of these report cards, for failing to bring in a lefty specialist; he doesn’t have any. It might mean taking it easy on teams with limited platoon or pinch hitting options. It doesn’t mean that you get a pass for not doing anything, though; just because a manager’s resources are limited doesn’t mean they should automatically sit on their hands. Of course, sometimes doing nothing is good, too. Leaving your excellent starter in or skipping pinch hitting when it only confers a marginal advantage can both be smart moves.
What qualifies me to issue these grades? Well, nothing really. They’re just the opinions of someone who spends a lot of time thinking about baseball. I’m sure teams are doing their own evaluations, and they probably have a better handle on the exact individual matchups, but the point is this: these decisions matter, and while the team- and consensus-building aspects of a manager’s job are far more important over a 162-game season, little edges can be decisive in a short series. A run could send you home or catapult you to glory, as these two managers will demonstrate. A note: both ALDS losers played in the three-game Wild Card round, and I’ll cover all of their decisions, starting with the most recent series.
Scott Servais, Seattle Mariners
Batting: B+
To be frank, the Mariners don’t have a lot of moving parts on offense. In the playoffs, their lineup was essentially plug and play. Jarred Kelenic and Dylan Moore form a left field platoon, and with no lefty relievers on Houston’s roster, Servais could roll with Kelenic for the entirety of any game he started. When Framber Valdez started, Moore drew the start, then departed for Kelenic when the Astros brought in their relievers.
That flexibility meant that Moore could pinch run for slow-footed Mariners when a righty was on the mound, and Servais brought him in for Eugenio Suárez in Game 3, in a high-value spot: bottom of the ninth, tie game, after Suárez hit a leadoff single. He also used Taylor Trammell to run for Carlos Santana twice; both times, the run was important and Santana’s spot never came up to bat again. That’s just ABC managing.
The Blue Jays series was more of the same. In Game 1, the Mariners didn’t make a single substitution all game. In Game 2, they swapped in Moore for Kelenic against lefty Tim Mayza in the sixth inning. I wasn’t wild about that decision – with two outs and no one on, I think I’d take the power hitter over the contact man, even with a platoon disadvantage. With a three-run deficit at that point in the game, you don’t need to play for the long-shot odds of a two-out rally; you can just hope to spike a home run and retain a pinch hitter for later. Moore faced Jordan Romano with the bases loaded and one out in the eighth; I’m sure the Mariners would have loved to use Kelenic there.
That’s small potatoes, but given how few decisions Servais had to make, I can’t give him an A. When you only have one moving part, you should think ahead with that part. Still, I give him high marks overall: his pinch-running decisions were consistently solid, and he knew not to mess with the lineup that gave the Mariners their best chance to win.
Pitching: B+
Let’s start at the top: Was bringing in Robbie Ray to face Yordan Alvarez a good move? Jake Mailhot dove into the particulars last week, but I’m not sure there’s an obvious answer either way. Alvarez is an unsolvable riddle, the sound of one hand clapping. Leave in Paul Sewald to face him? Use Ray? Pitch around him? You won’t catch me clearly saying that these are right or wrong, because I think this one was entirely a matter of preference. Would I have thrown him some center cut sinkers? Obviously not. But it’s hard to pin that on Servais.
That decision aside, I thought Servais managed his pitchers exceedingly well in the divisional series. He trusted Andrés Muñoz and Sewald in big spots, which lines up with how he used them all year and also with best practices; putting your best relievers in the biggest spots is exactly what you should do. He emptied out the bullpen in the 18-inning series clincher, and showed a good balance of urgency – he yanked Diego Castillo and Matthew Boyd quickly when they struggled – with planning for the long game. It didn’t work out, but holding the Astros to a solitary run over 18 innings is a tremendous accomplishment.
Servais also deserves credit for his aggressive management in Game 2 of the team’s series against the Blue Jays. With his team trailing 4-1 and the top of the lineup due up for Toronto in the fifth inning, he brought in Sewald, the nominal closer. That move blew up spectacularly, but that doesn’t make it wrong. When the offense roared back and tied the game, he went to Muñoz, followed by George Kirby to close things out. Kirby was available in relief for the Wild Card round, which let the team operate with three lights-out relievers. I loved everything about the management of this game aside from the strange absence of Erik Swanson, who appeared in only one postseason game.
His hesitation around using Swanson and an iffy intentional walk of Alvarez were my only two issues with Servais, but I don’t find either particularly shocking. Game flow dictated Swanson’s absence; I think the team liked him fifth-best among relievers behind Muñoz, Sewald, Castillo, and Matt Brash. That leaves Game 2 against the Jays as the only natural spot to use him before the 18-inning game, but when Swanson would have come in, the Mariners were down a ton late, with an exhausted bullpen before a potential winner-take-all Game 3. In my opinion, it’s reasonable to keep Swanson fresh there, and then Muñoz and Kirby were available after they rallied back.
As for walking Alvarez, it might have been a bad decision by the numbers, but it wasn’t a huge blunder given the game state. Additionally, I think it provided a mental benefit. The team’s plan against him simply hadn’t worked. Telling everyone to take a breath, regroup on the day off, and come up with a new way to get him out feels fine to me; letting Alvarez continue his otherworldly ways would’ve been crushing. I don’t put a lot of stock in keeping team morale high – rosters full of high-confidence professional athletes tend to be naturally high in confidence, particularly if the team is playoff caliber – but as a silver lining on a bad decision that cost only 0.7% of a win in expectation, it’s fine with me. Overall, I thought Servais did an exemplary job managing his pitching, even if it didn’t pan out.
Terry Francona, Cleveland Guardians
Batting: D
The Guardians are built to win with pitching. That doesn’t mean they don’t have good hitters! Their offense features a few clear standouts – José Ramírez, Steven Kwan, and Andrés Giménez are all great. Oscar Gonzalez, Will Brennan, and Gabriel Arias are interesting youngsters. Amed Rosario and Josh Naylor are solid veterans. You can build a good lineup with what they have here. But that lineup probably shouldn’t bat Rosario (103 wRC+ and .312 OBP this year, both near his career marks) second and Giménez (140 wRC+ and .371 OBP this year) sixth. Skeptical of single-season data? Projections also like Giménez far more as a hitter.
This wasn’t a playoff thing – Rosario batted second in 85% of his plate appearances this year while Giménez rarely batted higher than sixth. That doesn’t make it right; Rosario got three more PAs than Giménez, hardly an ideal distribution. Did Giménez play poorly? Indubitably! That doesn’t mean dropping him in the lineup was good process, though. Giménez fell in the lineup against lefties, which makes sense – but Rosario was a rock in the two spot, even when better hitters were available.
Likewise, Naylor batted too high for my tastes when Nestor Cortes started for New York. The Guardians carried several useful right-handed bench pieces in Owen Miller and Arias. They were on the team to face left-handed pitching. Naylor batted 22 times in this series, and 11 were against lefties. That’s far from ideal; he was 1-for-11 in those at-bats, with the lone hit an infield single. Naylor has displayed enormous platoon splits in his career; he’s 30% better by wOBA against righties, a split so big that it’s still 13% even after heavy regression. He really didn’t need to face so many left-handed pitchers.
Could it be that Cleveland simply didn’t have any other answers? I don’t buy it. Wandy Peralta faced Naylor in every game of the series and retired him every time. Either Arias or Miller was available on the bench in four of those five games. The other six lefty at-bats were against Cortes; why not just start one of the righties and bring Naylor in off the bench in a good matchup? This really bothered me throughout the series, and it clearly bothered Naylor as well; he hit .273/.273/.636 against righties and .091/.091/.091 against lefties.
There’s much less to say about the Guardians/Rays clash; the offense scored three runs on the back of two homers. Naylor batted nine times; five were against lefties. Rosario hit second, while Giménez was buried. I’m not saying the Guardians had a ton of options; they scored 17 runs in seven games, which simply isn’t going to get it done. But some of that was self-inflicted.
Pitching: D
Cleveland has, in my opinion, the best array of late-inning arms in the game. Perhaps the Dodgers and Rays would disagree, but they’re unquestionably one of the best teams in the majors when it comes to rolling out inning after inning of excellence. Francona simply didn’t do enough to leverage those arms.
In Game 1 against the Yankees, Cal Quantrill provided five solid innings, allowing two runs against 18 Yankee batters. Despite having an off day upcoming and a wide array of bullpen options, Francona let Quantrill face the terrifying top of the Yankee lineup for a third time. Aaron Judge walked, after which Anthony Rizzo promptly homered. With the horses gone, Francona slammed the door: Trevor Stephan entered, and the bullpen shut the Yankees down for the last four innings of the game.
In Game 2, Stephan combined with James Karinchak and Emmanuel Clase for 4 1/3 scoreless innings – top marks here. In Game 3, the lesser lights of the bullpen – Sam Hentges, Enyel De Los Santos, and Eli Morgan, all of whom could pitch high-leverage innings for most teams – held the Yankees to one run over four innings to sneak out a win; Francona didn’t goof around with letting starter Triston McKenzie start the sixth inning, leaning on the bullpen even with a deficit. In Game 4, Francona learned from his mistake and pulled Quantrill rather than letting him start the sixth. When Morgan gave up a sacrifice fly [this said homer earlier innacurately – Ben] to give the Yankees a two-run lead, Francona made what I consider a wise retreat, using Cody Morris and Zach Plesac to play out the string.
That set up a climactic Game 5, which is where I consider Francona to have made his greatest mistake. Unceasing rain on Monday caused a delay; that set up a Tuesday game with both bullpens fully rested. Francona had a tough choice to make; use Aaron Civale, his fourth starter, on full rest or bring back ace Shane Bieber early.
You probably have an opinion about which option Francona should have chosen. Using Bieber is playing to win the series at the expense of the future; he’d likely be pitching at less than 100%, and also wouldn’t be available to start Game 1 of a prospective ALCS. That hurts; a Game 1 start would have lined Bieber up to make two regular-rest starts in that series, and he’s comfortably Cleveland’s best starter. Civale gave the Guardians a worse shot at winning this game, but a better shot in the future should they survive, by virtue of keeping Bieber available.
I have no clue which of those options is superior. I wouldn’t have chosen either. The Cleveland bullpen was fully rested; its best pitchers all had three full days of rest. They’re all capable of handling multiple innings. Stephan, Karinchak, and Clase all threw multiple innings in this game, in fact. Given that, why not go to a full bullpen game? Six innings from that top three goes a long way towards getting to 27 outs. Even after those, I like Hentges, De Los Santos, and Morgan more in short bursts than I like Civale as a starter.
You could even mix-and-match based on leverage; give the great relievers the top of the order and the filler guys the bottom, or something to that effect. Imagine Karinchak starting a playoff game, pumping gas for two innings, then giving way to De Los Santos for the bottom of the order and Stephan again for the top. That’s nightmare fuel for the Yankees.
Cleveland’s best relievers were phenomenal in the 2022 playoffs. Stephan faced 18 batters and allowed one baserunner, on a walk; he struck out 11 for good measure. Karinchak faced 22, and while he was wild (four walks and a hit by pitch), he was also effective (three hits, no runs). Clase is Emmanuel Clase, ender of games: He pitched six innings in only four games and was flawless. In total, those three combined for 16.2 innings and allowed one run. That’s a build-your-own-Koufax.
The next tier of the ‘pen wasn’t bad either. De Los Santos, Hentges, and Morgan put up an aggregate 2.07 ERA in 13 innings. Use those six relievers to pitch an entire game, and you could win while only scoring two or three runs – something the Guardians needed to plan for given the caliber of their offense. Instead, the Yankees hung three on Civale before he could escape the first inning and cruised from there.
Would the Guardians have lost even if they bullpenned the game? Probably. The offense only scored one run, and that’s just not enough. But Francona didn’t trust his bullpen enough considering how great it was. He didn’t use them quickly enough in Game 1 and picked Aaron Civale over them in Game 5. When you’re an underdog in a series, you need to maximize your edges, and Francona simply didn’t do that.
Terry Francona doesn’t care what I think about him. He probably won’t read this, and if he does, he’ll rightfully say I don’t know all the factors involved. But I feel confident in saying this: when Francona looks back on his performance this offseason, he’ll be disappointed in himself. He’s one of the best managers in baseball. He just didn’t perform up to that level this October.
Ben is a writer at FanGraphs. He can be found on Bluesky @benclemens.
I don’t think you looked at Owen Miller’s splits if you say he was on the team to hit lefties. He had reverse splits this year. That being said, going from Naylor vs. LHP to Miller vs. LHP was like going from a D to a D+ offensively. Also, Naylor had to DH later in the series due to his injured leg, and they went with Arias>Miller at 1B for defense, and because his at bats were better (and results, as well).
Agreed; Miller’s career wRC+ against RHP is 80, and career wRC+ against LHP is 65. Marginally better than Naylor’s LHP-hitting, sure, but still woeful.
As someone who watched the Guardians all year, Miller (and Myles Straw) got way too many at bats. It was a mini Godsend just to see Arias over him in the lineup in the last two games of the ALDS. Tito is a great manager but often inexplicably gives too many at bats to really sucky utility types (Mike Aviles, Ryan Rayburn are other examples). Same thing with Straw as, aside from like a one week stretch where rookie Will Benson got three or four starts, he was in the lineup every day in spite of being among, if not the worst hitter to qualify.
Another great manager, Jim Leyland, also gave Ryan Raburn too many AB’s.
Raburn must have had a mental hold over these 2 or something?
Single season platoon splits are not really predictive.
OK I have to ask, did you even look at the box score? “When Morgan gave up a solo homer to give the Yankees a two-run lead”
Eli Morgan did NOT allow a home run this postseason.
The copy has been edited to reflect that it was a sacrifice fly. I don’t know how you can come away from this article wondering if I read box scores, given that it’s so dense on box score decisions, but it was a simple error. In my defense, Eli Morgan and solo home runs in otherwise sterling relief appearances are burned into my brain as a pair.
Who is in charge of replay challenges for Cleveland? They challenged on 2 obvious correct calls and then neglected to challenge at all on an obvious bad cold.
To be fair, a bad cold had sidelined their replay manager.
I’d like to see Replay Challenges as a category here. Most teams seem to be finishing these games with at least 1 and usually 2 challenges left and it seems like a big mistake. With 2 given per game and the stakes much higher, the standard used to challenge a call needs to be lower and every team seems to be doing a bad job adjusting.
I know I’m in the minority but I’ve never understand all the “Francona love”. Yes, his teams win but it’s impossible to separate out a manager from his talent. Judging a manager by win/loss record isn’t that different than judging a starting pitcher that way. And let’s not forget that he was unable to win with Philadelphia. Did he suddenly become a good manager or is it just that he had better talent to work with?
Anyway, having watched him closely in Cleveland, I’d say his strength as a manager is the environment that he sets. Plays love playing for him and he doesn’t panic when things go bad. And there’s absolutely value in that. But as an in-game manager? There’s SO much to criticize….
“Plays love playing for him and he doesn’t panic when things go bad. And there’s absolutely value in that”
I think it’s really the above line that does it for him. Similar to Dusty Baker in that way? Not a great tactician, but, seems to be able to get the best out of guys.
Compare Cleveland’s roster to the White Sox. & then the end results. Whether it’s tactics, putting guys in the best position, being good at the “other stuff”, he clearly got more out of his team then LaRussa did.
Low bar that.
Yeah, his lineups in particular have always been rather frustrating. This year, he almost never batted his second best hitter in Gimenez higher than six or seventh (!), and often batted him behind well below average hitters like Naylor against lefties, Owen Miller, and unproven rookies.
He also seemingly would have a heart attack if ever forced to write L-L or R-R on a lineup card, in spite of the rather suboptimal lineups strictly adhering to that often produces.
What should his lineups have been? Without having seen a lot of his work this year I would think the optimal lineup would be:
Kwan
Ramirez
Naylor
Whoever is playing in RF
Gimenez
Rosario
3 guys who should be batting 9th in any other lineup
I would have gone with:
Kwan (LF)
Gimenez (2B)
Ramirez (3B)
Gonzalez (RF)
Rosario (SS)
Naylor (1B/DH)
And then #9 hitters.
I’ve always thought most of a manager’s job was the stuff we don’t see moreso than the tactical side. Of course we don’t have a way to really evaluate that effectively, but that is the area that Francona has always been praised for. Keeping the clubhouse running smoothly and everyone bought in is key especially on such a young team with relatively few veteran leaders among the players. Maybe that is Francona, maybe it is happening despite him, such is the challenge of evaluating managers with incomplete data.
Francona’s strength was always to get players to buy into their roles, which is important if you’re doing something against the grain. But of course so many things that were against the grain in the ’00s are no longer so.
I suspect a non-zero amount of the tactical skill he displayed with the Red Sox was because (1) the Red Sox’s front office was pretty far ahead of the curve on tactical decisions in the ’00s and had a ton of feedback for coaches and (2) tactics have gotten far better in the last decade.
In any case, the ability to set the culture and get everyone to buy in and keep everyone on an even emotional keel is probably more important. And I don’t buy that he’s that far behind other managers. He’s not Tony La Russa or anything, although he’s clearly not a wizard with this stuff either.
As a Yankee fan, I was THRILLED to hear Civale was pitching as opposed to a Bieber opener or a full bullpen game. That bullpen is straight nasty. When your sixth best guy is one of Hengtes, De Los Santos or Morgan (depending on your preference), that’s kind of filthy.
I’ll point the argument about “saving” Bieber for a potential ALCS Gm 1 has some limited parallels to the discussion around the Mets in the WCS. The difference is — in the hypothetical that the Mets won Game 1 — they weren’t playing an elimination game.
Francona did say something to the effect of not wanting to hurt Bieber’s career by trying to push him on short rest, and I honestly find that admirable (and it explains in part why players love playing for Francona).
It’s the (fantastic) analysis like this that I think explains what frustrates the less-analytically inclined about the playoffs being a “crapshoot”. At the macro level — over many seasons — they certainly are. But with the heightened focus on the playoffs, fans will obsess on the micro level and judge decisions based on outcomes. As a more-analytically inclined fan, nothing frustrates me more than not judging a decision based on what is known at the time. Which is why I love Ben’s pieces, since he focuses a lot more on what the managers knew at the time.
Depending on which version of WAR one prefers. I am attached to BR and there Civale shows a -0.8 for 2022. It is managerial malfeasance to start a pitcher that isn’t even at replacement level in the franchises most important game of the season. Since I grew up with Lew Burdette, Sandy Koufax and Bob Gibson all throwing complete game victories on 2 days rest in Game 7 of those respective World Series I thought Francona should have gone to Bieber and got an answer. From what I have heard Bieber let it be known that he wanted the ball. What was the risk that his arm would fall off because of this one start. Despite everything under the sun being tried, nothing has been shown that can predict if an arm is going to fall off or it isn’t. I would venture that the chance was very small and the opportunity the Guardians had is something that is rare. If the Guardians, Francona and Bieber don’t put it all on the line at that point, when do they. A bullpen game was an acceptable alternative but stating Civale was not. For this reason I put Francona’s decision to start the very inferior Civale 3rd on my list of worst managerial decisions behind Williams yanking Zimmerman in Game 2 of the 2014 NLDS and Grady Little, nuff said.
There’s a world of evidence that starters pitch worse on short rest. Cherry picking some guys from 50-60 YEARS AGO!! doesn’t alter that.
Maybe, but even if Bieber wasn’t at his best he was almost guaranteed to be a lot better than Civale and Nestor Cortes didn’t seem to have any trouble. It seems like Francona actually overruled Bieber who indicated he wanted to go. All I said was that I grew up watching the pitchers perform as they did and that was still only one day less than normal rest back then. I fully understand that no pitcher today is asked to go on short rest but this was a time to take risk. The Yankees did and the Guardians didn’t and, as is the case more often than not, the victory went to the bold.
Bieber for two, Hentges for two, Enyel for two, Stephan, Karinchak, Clase.
Worry about Houston later.
Holding back Bieber for … next season?
Not even close to smart.
Especially since Bieber was already in tbe pen for an inning or two.
Too much loyalty, Tito.
“Holding back Bieber for … next season?”
I suspect they were planning to win, and if they were holding him back for anything it was the ALCS.
I know the article focuses on managerial decisions, but I think the Guardians did a poor job with their roster construction for their bench. They carried a 3rd catcher (Bo Naylor) who is 0 for 8 in the big leagues, and Will Benson, a speed/defense/power guy who hit 0 home runs in a fair number of big league at bats. They would have been better off with Nolan Jones on their roster, as his hard hit rate in his brief time was way better than Benson’s. Richie Palacios led the team in pinch hit hits and could have taken the second spot. If not either of those 2, Tyler Freeman would have been a better choice than Benson or Bo, as he was another decent contact hitter.
I agree with the Civale decision. I also thought should have been a BP game. Its pretty much how it turned out anyway…except with a 3 handicap!
Trying to figure why he stubbornly went with Civale, maybe it was recency bias because he had a decent second half? Maybe he was hoping for some magic and entering the Houston series with a fresh Bieber and pen? I dont know but I agree the bullpen game would have been best option.
I agree with all your points on managing the batting lineup. Not optimized and too many at bats for Naylor against lefties etc. I just wouldn’t have marked him as harshly because the alternative options weren’t THAT much better imo.
Seattle…nice season but they weren’t going to beat the Astros unless Houston imploded…and even when Verlander imploded it still didn’t make a dent in their chances
Not to mention burning his only LHP (Hentges) in the first inning of Game 5 after Civale was hooked, with only one true LHB (and two switch hitters) in the Yankee lineup at the time. No idea why you don’t save him for a situational AB vs. Rizzo later in the game. It didn’t have a major impact on the outcome, but very well could have. Grade D for Tito is generous.
As Bart Simpson has beyond all doubt+argument proven, one hand clapping does make a sound. Also, philosophy sucks. Also, Ray facing Yordan absolutely was the right move/process. Just didn’t work this time is all. They call that ‘Baseball’.
Servais Spring Dylan Moore in Game 3. This was mentioned as a good move. Is there an analytics view on PRing in general? I know you can’t play the results and anticipate a 18 inning game, but the Mariners have few good hitters. Losing Suarez to gain a marginal base running advantage seems…
I was also questioning the PR for Suarez in B9, when Suarez was on 1B. l was feeling it was better to see if Suarez would get advanced to 2B before taking him out. If you are inserting Moore there I would hope/expect to see a SB attempt, but Moore did not even try going.
When is the Spencer Strider contract article coming out?
What makes you think Kelenic has more power than Moore? Overall they’re about equal. vs LHP it’s not even close.
Tool grades? Kelenic came up as a 60 power guy. Assuming Kelenic figures out how to hit big league pitching consistently, he’s a safer bet to slug 25-30+ home runs.
You want to take tool grades over 2+ seasons of actual hitting?
That is quite an assumption you are making. After 558 PA’s Kelenic’s performance has made his tool grades ancient history. A .168 average and a 66 OPS+ speak very loudly and to say the shine is gone is being gracious. A few figure it out but 558 PA’s says the questions far outnumber the answers and only time will tell if he finds that elusive key.
Seems like bullpen management has become a strength for Servais. He was not shy about using his best arms to get big outs in the middle innings during the regular season. I gather it’s an organizational thing, from Dipoto down to the bullpen coaches. Servais and the coaches probably also deserve some credit for the bullpen guys apparently buying into the notion that getting big outs is as sexy as getting saves. Maybe it helped that none of them were “proven closer” guy when they came to the team.
I understand the point on Rosario vs. Gimenez. To be fair, Rosario does have a career 123 wRC+ against LHP. It’s not crazy to bat him second when Cortes is the starter. At the same time, Rosario likes being in the on deck circle for Steven Kwan’s at bats, to the point where the coaching staff is aware. My there’s something there…
What interests me more however, is the benefit of lineup optimization. What’s the magnitude we’re talking about? I know each spot in the batting order gets ~3% more PAs over the course of the season compared to the spot below it, but how would that translate into runs if you were to flip 103 wRC+ in the two-hole for 140 wRC+ in the six-hole? Is it that meaningful?
I’ve preferred the idea of Kwan-Jose Ramirez-Gimenez for much of the second half of the season. Maybe Tito likes having a RHB in there (vs. a LHB, switcher hitter who’s more dangerous from the left side, LHB). Maybe it just means the Tribe needs to go out and find a right-handed middle of the order bat who can hit 2nd or 3rd. I’ll take that.
Ben Clemens never throws his sinkers center-cut
Think the hard part for hitting Gimenez higher was his broken hand. Definitely took something away from him at the end of year. Tito’s biggest skill is player buy-in, and that team played so hard for each other. Hopefully Demarlo Hale gets a bigger say in game playcalling decisions going forward.