ZiPS Time Warp: Johan Santana

When people get excited about the Rule 5 draft at the Winter Meetings, Johan Santana is one of the biggest reasons why. Roberto Clemente is almost certainly the best player ever taken in this event, but Santana leads a healthy spoonful of All-Stars who found new teams when their old ones couldn’t find the roster spot (this list also includes names such as Bobby Bonilla, George Bell, Josh Hamilton, and Shane Victorino). It took another trade to get Santana to the club for which he’d achieve his greatest exploits, the Minnesota Twins. After receiving Cy Young votes in six consecutive seasons and winning two trophies, injuries quickly ended Santana’s career before he reached his mid-30s.

The Twins weren’t even the team that launched Santana to stardom, though they certainly received a benefit from the Rule 5 draft. Knowing the Marlins wanted Jared Camp, the Twins took him in the 1999 Rule 5, only to instantly trade him to the Marlins for Santana and $500,000. Santana certainly wasn’t a finished product at this point and struggled in a mop-up role for Minnesota in his rookie season. His 2002 campaign didn’t go much better, as he was raw and didn’t have a true out pitch to punch out batters, and he missed significant time due to an elbow injury.

Santana was never a star on the radar gun, and at this point, a less determined team may have simply been happy to move on with the half a million bucks they pocketed. But the Twins persisted, and while converting Santana to a starting pitching role in the minors in 2002, former Ranger reliever Bobby Cuellar worked with Santana on refining his changeup and making it the centerpiece of his repertoire.

Santana fiddled with a changeup before 2002, but that was when the pitch blossomed. After Minnesota sent Santana to Class AAA Edmonton to convert him from a reliever to a starter, Bobby Cuellar, the pitching coach there, preached about the significance of trusting his changeup in any situation.

During bullpen sessions, Cuellar would tell Santana to imagine the count was 2-0 or 3-0 and would instruct him to throw a changeup. During games, Cuellar sometimes had Santana toss seven straight changeups. Although Santana said it took months to be that bold, Cuellar said he saw “a little glow in Johan’s eye” as the pitch developed. By July 2003, Santana was in the Twins’ rotation. By 2004, he was a 20-game winner.

Santana’s control was yet to reach the levels it would during his prime, but his change quickly became a weapon. From an overall run value standpoint, his changeup ranked 14th in baseball in 2002 and 17th in 2003. Coincidentally, his first Cy Young vote came in 2003.

Santana started the 2004 season in the rotation and won the American League Cy Young award in convincing fashion, going 20-6 with a 2.61 ERA, a 2.92 FIP, and a sterling 6.8 WAR. And then he went ahead and did it again for the next half-decade. The last year of his Cy Young vote streak came with the Mets after the rebuilding Twins traded him for Carlos Gómez, Deolis Guerra, Kevin Mulvey, and Phil Humber.

During this six-year run, Santana’s change was the most valuable in baseball. And according to our pitch value data, it wasn’t even particularly close. No other pitch in baseball came within 20 runs, and it nearly doubled the value of the next best changeup, that of Jamie Moyer.

Most Valuable Pitches in Baseball, 2003-08
Name Pitch Value
Johan Santana Changeup 118.0
Carlos Zambrano Fastball 97.2
Randy Johnson Slider 92.8
Roy Oswalt Fastball 90.8
Jake Peavy Fastball 85.8
Johan Santana Fastball 83.5
Roger Clemens Fastball 83.2
Roy Halladay Curve 81.2
Jeremy Bonderman Slider 80.7
CC Sabathia Slider 80.1
Billy Wagner Fastball 78.4
Brad Lidge Slider 75.0
John Smoltz Slider 74.9
Chris Young Fastball 73.3
B.J. Ryan Fastball 72.9
Mariano Rivera Cutter 70.6
Brandon Webb Fastball 70.3
Joe Nathan Fastball 70.2
Jonathan Papelbon Fastball 70.1
Scot Shields Fastball 69.1
Brett Myers Curve 68.2
A.J. Burnett Curve 66.6
Josh Beckett Fastball 65.3
Roger Clemens Splitter 65.3
Rafael Betancourt Fastball 65.2
Ben Sheets Fastball 60.8
Jamie Moyer Changeup 60.5
Jason Schmidt Fastball 59.8
Chien-Ming Wang Fastball 56.7
Cole Hamels Changeup 55.2

Like the best changeups, Santana’s made his fastball into a dominating pitch as well, despite a peak average of only 93 mph. The pitch had so many different looks that he never had a pressing need to develop a breaking pitch into a key weapon. His slider was a perfectly adequate pitch, but it was more or less the The Godfather Part III of his arsenal’s trilogy. With his changeup being of the circle-change variety, nastily dipping away from right-handed batters, one could say that it already filled the role!

It would be misleading to call 2009 or 2010 poor seasons given that Santana combined for 7.2 WAR and a 3.05 ERA, but there were clear signs that he was coming down from his peak. The changeup wasn’t as effective as in past seasons and his contact numbers crept up, first to a career-high 78.4% in 2009, and then another high at 81.5% in 2010. Generally healthy since his days as a reliever, Santana required surgeries that ended both seasons, first to remove bone chips in his elbow and then, far more seriously, to repair a torn anterior capsule in his shoulder. This injury also cost him his 2011 season.

The old stuff did not return in his 2012 comeback. His fastball’s velocity dropped down to 88 mph, and with his change no longer anywhere near as potent as in the past, Santana relied on the slider more. It wasn’t enough to get him back to the glory days, and ankle and back problems short-circuited his return. He never pitched in the majors again. A repeat of the torn capsule caused a missed 2013 season and a torn Achilles deep-sixed the attempted 2014 comeback with the Orioles. Santana signed with the Jays for 2015, but again wasn’t healthy enough to ever get into a minor league game, his season ending when he was derailed by a toe infection.

For years, Santana held out hopes that he could make a final comeback bid, but he finally announced his retirement during his induction to the Twins Hall of Fame, almost six years after his last game.

To my loud social media contempt at times, Santana received little consideration on his Hall of Fame ballot debut, receiving only 10 votes (2.4%) and being quietly eliminated on the first ballot. I don’t yet have a vote, but if I did, I would have voted for him based on his peak. As lefties with short careers and overwhelming dominance at their best go, it’s hard to not compare Santana to Sandy Koufax.

Koufax vs. Santana Peaks
Pitcher Years W L IP K ERA ERA+ FIP WAR
Sandy Koufax 1962-1966 111 34 1377 1444 1.95 167 2.00 40.0
Johan Santana 2003-08 98 42 1305 1358 2.85 156 3.21 33.5

Koufax’s peak comes out ahead, for sure, but in comparison, Santana pulls off an amazing feat: he doesn’t look ridiculous next to Koufax. Is the difference between Sandy Koufax and a poor man’s Sandy Koufax really enough to turn one from a pitcher believed to be an inner-circle Hall of Famer to being one-and-outed on the Hall ballot? For me, the answer is a vigorous no. It didn’t shock me that he fell off the ballot, but I was quite surprised that there was barely any discussion of Santana in sportswriter circles at the time.

Would a more typical decline phase for a star pitcher have gotten Santana into Cooperstown? Let’s fire up the old ZiPS time machine after the 2008 season. Instead of tearing his shoulder, let’s Santana just continued to tear the hearts out of even the most gimlet-eyed slugger.

ZiPS Time Warp: Johan Santana, 2008
Year W L ERA G GS IP H ER HR BB SO ERA+ WAR
2000 2 3 6.49 30 5 86.0 102 62 11 54 64 80 0.0
2001 1 0 4.74 15 4 43.7 50 23 6 16 28 96 0.0
2002 8 6 2.99 27 14 108.3 84 36 7 49 137 150 3.4
2003 12 3 3.07 45 18 158.3 127 54 17 47 169 148 3.7
2004 20 6 2.61 34 34 228.0 156 66 24 54 265 182 6.8
2005 16 7 2.87 33 33 231.7 180 74 22 45 238 155 7.1
2006 19 6 2.77 34 34 233.7 186 72 24 47 245 162 6.7
2007 15 13 3.33 33 33 219.0 183 81 33 52 235 129 4.0
2008 16 7 2.53 34 34 234.3 206 66 23 63 206 166 5.2
2009 15 9 3.06 31 31 188.3 170 64 19 43 212 134 4.7
2010 14 8 2.95 28 28 176.7 156 58 13 42 195 133 4.5
2011 14 8 2.78 28 28 174.7 150 54 13 37 201 133 4.4
2012 13 7 2.85 26 26 161.0 139 51 15 33 195 133 4.1
2013 12 7 2.75 24 24 150.7 129 46 13 31 183 129 3.7
2014 11 6 2.71 23 23 139.7 123 42 12 29 170 127 3.3
2015 10 6 2.95 21 21 128.0 116 42 13 27 159 129 2.9
2016 9 6 3.58 19 19 115.7 105 46 15 29 134 112 2.4
2017 8 5 3.69 17 17 102.3 94 42 14 28 127 113 2.0
2018 7 5 3.43 15 15 89.3 83 34 12 23 114 109 1.6
2019 5 4 4.09 13 13 77.0 75 35 15 20 103 99 1.2
2020 4 4 4.18 11 11 64.7 65 30 12 18 81 97 0.8
Year W L ERA G GS IP H ER HR BB SO ERA+ WAR
ZiPS RoC 122 74 3.12 255 256 1568.0 1405 544 166 360 1874 124 35.6
Actual 30 27 3.49 75 75 482.7 452 187 53 140 401 113 8.7
Year W L ERA G GS IP H ER HR BB SO ERA+ WAR
ZiPS Career 231 125 3.12 540 465 3111.0 2679 1078 333 787 3461 138 72.5
Actual 139 78 3.20 360 284 2025.7 1726 721 220 567 1988 136 45.6

I think the projected 231 wins, when considered with the dizzying heights Santana achieved at his best, would have been enough to get him into Cooperstown. I went through and did award projections for 2009-14 and ZiPS estimated, going into each of these theoretical years, that he would have snagged another 1.4 Cy Young awards and nearly 2.5 Cy Young “shares,” giving him a little more hardware to go with the career numbers. Also helpful is that the decline in league offense for most of the 2010s, coupled with the increased strikeout rates — established pitchers had their strikeout rates go up, so the effect wasn’t just caused by new pitchers — would have helped mask Santana’s decline.

One thing to remember is that these projections aren’t assuming that Santana has perfect health, simply typical health. If he had been able to remain a workhorse, the ceiling on those win totals could have put him at least near the 300-win mark. As it is, ZiPS is projecting 231 victories despite never giving him a 50/50 shot of qualifying for the ERA title in any given season after 2011.

One of Santana’s regrets that he’s talked about on multiple occasions is how disappointed he was that he wasn’t able to end his baseball career on his own terms. I like to think that in some universe out there, there’s a Johan Santana capping off his career and giving thoughts to his Cooperstown speech.





Dan Szymborski is a senior writer for FanGraphs and the developer of the ZiPS projection system. He was a writer for ESPN.com from 2010-2018, a regular guest on a number of radio shows and podcasts, and a voting BBWAA member. He also maintains a terrible Twitter account at @DSzymborski.

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Fredchuckdave
3 years ago

Santana probably still has a shot at the Veteran’s committee eventually, considering he’s way better than Harold Baines.

MikeSmember
3 years ago
Reply to  Fredchuckdave

Harold Baines was my favorite player for a few years in the 1980’s so believe me when I say that we CAN NOT let “he’s better than Harold Baines” become the standard for the Hall of Fame.

OddBall Herrera
3 years ago
Reply to  MikeS

It’s karma, because Baines should be in based on the “he’s better than Kirby Puckett” argument 😉

RonnieDobbs
3 years ago

No DH should be in the HOF IMO. I wouldn’t feel sorry for them if they were not in the HOF. They already get a gift of a career.