Michael Saunders Has Helped or Killed the Blue Jays
It’s been a big season for Michael Saunders, and for his career. He’s long been dogged by injury questions, and a season ago he was limited to just nine games played. For 2016 he’s been able to stay on the field, and his bat has done the talking. He’s been part of a loaded Blue Jays lineup, but he’s still third on the team in wRC+, below Edwin Encarnacion but ahead of Jose Bautista. The Jays now have sole possession of first place in the AL East, and given some of what they’ve gone through, it makes sense that they might owe Saunders a great deal of gratitude, his recent slump aside. He’s mostly been stable, and he’s become rather strong.
Numbers are funny, though. There are different ways to spin them, even if you don’t want to spin them. It would be completely legitimate to say Saunders has been one of the best hitters on the team. You could also very legitimately say Saunders has been arguably the least-valuable hitter on the team. It’s true that he’s third in wRC+. It’s true that he’s last in WPA. In a few ways, then, Michael Saunders is having a season to remember.
If you’ve been around here long enough, you know I like to play with our Clutch statistic. Not because I think it necessarily reflects an ability, or a lack thereof. Rather, I love Clutch because it’s where so much of the meaningful randomness appears. We usually can’t explain it, but it can make all the difference, as so much of baseball comes down to timing. Clutch captures the difference between how valuable a player has been, and how valuable you’d think that player would’ve been given the same performance across opportunities. This year, Michael Saunders has been the least-clutch hitter in the league.
It gets worse! We have this information going back to the seemingly random year of 1974. Since then, there have been more than 8,000 player-seasons with at least 400 plate appearances. To make for fair comparisons, I calculated every player’s Clutch score per 600 chances. Here is the bottom 10:
| Player | Year | Clutch/600 | PA |
| Michael Saunders | 2016 | -4.1 | 452 |
| Gary Carter | 1979 | -4.0 | 559 |
| Chet Lemon | 1982 | -3.5 | 512 |
| Kevin Mitchell | 1991 | -3.4 | 423 |
| Josh Reddick | 2012 | -3.4 | 673 |
| Willie Aikens | 1981 | -3.3 | 419 |
| Cesar Geronimo | 1976 | -3.2 | 555 |
| Delino DeShields | 1990 | -3.2 | 572 |
| Alex Rodriguez | 2008 | -3.2 | 594 |
| Tony Armas | 1985 | -3.0 | 410 |
If you stretched this a little further, you could also find 2016 Kris Bryant. As alluded to there in the footnote, because this season isn’t over yet, stuff will move around. But this gives you a sense of Saunders’ problems. He’s been terrifically unclutch. He’s been historically unclutch. It would be safe to consider him almost impossibly unclutch. In a context-free environment, Saunders has helped the Blue Jays. Taking context into account, Saunders has been a drag. Both of these statements are facts.
It’s all fairly simple to explain. In low-leverage situations, Saunders has managed a 185 wRC+, which would make him the best hitter in the game. In medium-leverage situations, Saunders comes in at 97, making him out to be something like, say, Travis Shaw. And in high-leverage situations, Saunders is responsible for a wRC+ of just 13, which is about where we’d find a half-decent pitcher. I’m not saying that Saunders definitely comes apart when the pressure is on. It’s just, if that were a truth, you’d look for numbers like this.
When Saunders has struck out, he’s had an average Leverage Index of 1.26. Remember that LI measures the importance of a given situation, where the average is 1. When Saunders has singled, he’s had an average LI of 0.98. When he’s doubled: 0.73. When he’s homered: 0.67. To get more directly into this, shoot, here’s a big giant table, showing Saunders’ 50 most critical opportunities, by LI:
| Leverage Index | Result |
| 9.19 | Out |
| 6.64 | Out |
| 5.21 | Out |
| 4.62 | Out |
| 4.41 | Out |
| 4.39 | Out |
| 4.30 | Out |
| 4.14 | Out |
| 3.84 | Out |
| 3.52 | Out |
| 3.46 | Out |
| 3.35 | Walk |
| 3.21 | Out, run |
| 3.19 | Out |
| 3.19 | Out |
| 3.10 | Two outs |
| 2.96 | Out |
| 2.92 | Out |
| 2.86 | Single, run |
| 2.84 | Single, run |
| 2.82 | Out |
| 2.71 | Walk |
| 2.69 | Home run |
| 2.62 | Out |
| 2.62 | Out |
| 2.57 | Two outs |
| 2.56 | Out |
| 2.56 | Out |
| 2.48 | Walk |
| 2.44 | Out |
| 2.36 | Out |
| 2.34 | Out |
| 2.33 | Error |
| 2.33 | Out |
| 2.33 | Single |
| 2.32 | Walk |
| 2.30 | Out |
| 2.30 | Out |
| 2.29 | Out |
| 2.26 | Out |
| 2.21 | Double, run |
| 2.19 | Out |
| 2.18 | Out |
| 2.17 | Out |
| 2.16 | Out |
| 2.16 | Out |
| 2.16 | Two outs |
| 2.15 | Out |
| 2.11 | Single |
| 2.09 | Two outs |
I recognize that that is a lot to look at. So if you’ll let me simplify, that table shows 43 outs. There are five runs, four walks, four singles, one double, one homer, and one error. You don’t find the first hit until opportunity No. 19. That means Saunders has gone hitless in his 18 plate appearances with the highest leverage. One of those did result in a run. The Blue Jays’ win expectancy still dropped. Another resulted in a walk, but that just put a runner on first, when there were already two in scoring position with two out. The Blue Jays’ win expectancy increased 2%. That’s been Saunders’ lone positive event with a Leverage Index of 3 or higher.
Before this season, Saunders had batted in the majors nearly 2,000 times. He had a Clutch score of -2.0, which isn’t good, but which isn’t awful. There wasn’t enough evidence to say Saunders was or is somewhat unclutch. Even now, there’s probably still not enough evidence. Not if you’re trying to argue something about Saunders’ actual ability. I don’t know if his true-talent level changes based on situational context. I’m generally inclined to think, no, that doesn’t make a whole lot of sense. Yet there’s a crucial difference between true-talent conversations and observational conversations. I couldn’t tell you whether Saunders is an unclutch bat. This year, he has been an unclutch bat. To a crazy extent. Without him, maybe the Jays aren’t in first. Without him, maybe their lead is even bigger.
Jeff made Lookout Landing a thing, but he does not still write there about the Mariners. He does write here, sometimes about the Mariners, but usually not.
Very interesting post… but if looking at his WAR of, isn’t that statement at the end nearly impossible unless his assumed replacement was better than that?
And his performance in high leverage is below replacement, whereas WAR does not care about sequencing. That’s precisely why the paradoxical statement holds.
Remarkable splits by Saunders. Do Jays fans notice this?
Yes, we notice. He seemingly finds a way to strike out or roll over on a ball each time they need a run or guy moved over. His recent slide has made it all the more noticeable too.
Should WAR care about sequencing?
Idk about Michael Saunders but I do watch a lot of Cubs games and I think Kris Bryant often times gets anxious with high pressure situations and expands his zone. He usually has a very good eye, laying off breaking balls down and away, until a simple put-it-in-play situation, then I feel he often gets anxious and expands. Its noticable when the next two hitters are Rizzo and Zobrist who seem to let the game come to them. I think it is something to be concerned with come October. I know I shouldn’t believe in clutch or “RBI guys” but I kind of do. And maybe Bryant is better in that 2 hole than the 4 hole for that reason. I’ve seen David Ortiz or even entire Cardinals/Giants teams have the game slow down for them in the playoffs and I’m nervous that won’t happen for the young Cubs. “Letting the game come to you” or having the game “slow down” is something I’ve heard veterans of all sports say comes with experience, but yeah idk I’ve never played the sport at a high level just enjoy watching lol.
I think that something like this is responsible for a lot of the Clutch data. In the first few months of 2015, it was obvious to anyone who was looking at a lot of games that Buster Posey was expanding his strike zone way too much in high-leverage situations and it showed in the Clutch data. Posey obviously isn’t a rookie so there must have been some other explanation (I have the feeling it was the after-effect of having been blatantly pitched around in the 2014 postseason, even though the hitters behind him (Pence and Sandoval) were hitting much better than he was and it just got absurd at some point), but whatever the reason it was clearly happening and it can’t be the only time. There should be some way to check this but unfortunately the Fangraphs database doesn’t allow for the possibility of checking plate discipline in different leverage situations.
I would guess that it’s more generally a problem for batters or teams who rely on walks a lot (not necessarily Bryant or Saunders) because in many high-leverage situations a walk doesn’t really do much good, it gives a tiny boost to WPA and just passes on the situation to the next batter, so that the marginal utility of a walk is much lower in such a situation, and knowing this, walk-oriented batters tend to blow their cool and swing at pitches they wouldn’t otherwise swing at. It’s kind of a special skill to be able to get hits in situations where the pitcher would just as soon walk you (Brandon Crawford being a good example of this, somehow consistently being among the Giants’ leaders in RBIs even though his average isn’t very good, he doesn’t hit many home runs, and he generally bats very low in the lineup).
Well, obviously Saunders needs to spend more time in the weight room.
I was shocked to see Chet Lemon’s name on that list considering that he’s anecdotally the most clutch player in the history of RBI Baseball. Obviously he got his shit together between 1982 and the game’s release…
You’ll LOVE this article if you played RBI – http://www.theonion.com/article/hawaii-wins-little-league-world-series-2520
Hey, sorry this is completely off topic, but I’ve been having a huge problem using Fangraphs and was wondering if anyone else has gone through the same thing/knows how to fix it. Every time I use the website on my laptop it goes unbelievably slow and it seems it is all tied to a “Shockwave Flash” that the site uses? Eventually the Shockwave crashes and it isn’t as slow, but it inevitably re-initiates – even if I manually “end process”. I’ve been having this problem for a long time, but it has recently become much worse – and Fangraphs is the only site I’ve ever visited that causes this to happen. Fangraphs is a fantastic site, but this has now made it almost unusable for me. So, I was wondering if anyone else has had, or is having this problem, and knows how to fix it? Again, sorry for the off-topic post, I didn’t know where else to ask this.
Chrome browser, with AdBlock plugin is your instant solution.
alternatively, you can report your issues on this thread:
http://www.fangraphs.com/blogs/instagraphs/fangraphs-advertising-help-us-improve/
I completely uninstalled Flash from my web browser quite some time ago. Since that time, my experience on FanGraphs and other websites has gotten markedly better.
I keep Chrome around just in case I absolutely need to see something which uses Flash, but that is pretty rare – Flash is mainly used only by advertisers nowadays.
Well, I also find that Flash is used by the highlights on mlb.com, which is a big use case for me.
But yeah, in Firefox you can block Flash (and re-enable it manually) without adblocking if you still want to support the site.
I never install Flash on any of my machines but Fangraphs would still lock up Chrome (100% CPU usage on all cores, which is kind of impressive really).
Quick solution: add securepubads.g.doubleclick.net to your hosts file. That’s where the scripts that load the ads come from, so blocking that blocks almost all of the misbehavior. I don’t like restricting ads for ad-supported sites, but I wouldn’t be coming here at all otherwise because the site made my browser unusable.
That’s quite an impressive list of quality players… which tells you all you need to know about how reliable “clutch” is…
Seriously… turn that “worst clutch season ever” list into an actual team:
C: Carter
1b: Aikens
2b: DeShields
SS: ARod
3b: Mitchell
LF: Saunders
CF: Geronimo and Lemon
RF: Armas and Reddick
hell yeah… give me that “unclutch” team. That lineup would run roughshod over most any team!
They’d do fine until it was a close game. Then they’d just lay down.
I’m glad you showed the details on Saunders’ highest-leverage PAs, because that’s where a lot of the negative clutch could come in. I recently took a look at ARod’s career splits in light of his bottom 10 all-time Clutch score. Here is his career wRC+ score by leverage:
Low leverage: 144
Medium leverage: 137
High leverage: 143
Nothing here to indicate why he shouldn’t have a pretty neutral Clutch score. But then, looking at Baseball Reference for some other details, we have this:
9th inning tOPS+ (split OPS+ as a percent of his total OPS+): 79
So it looks like ARod has historically hit worse in the 9th inning. Is this proof of his inability to grit through those tough trips to the plate with the game on the line? Well, also for your consideration from bbref:
tOPS+ vs. power pitchers: 86
What kind of pitchers does one typically face in the 9th inning, especially in the highest-leverage situations? Power pitchers, often allowing runs at about 50-70% of the normal rate. For a power hitter like ARod, that combination can turn his great offense into merely mortal performance for the very highest of high-leverage situations. That’s how he got such a low Clutch score – an Achilles heel in the 9th inning, most likely from all the power relievers.
As for Saunders, his splits by broad leverage class are just ridiculous, but adding in his woeful numbers on the very highest leverage PAs makes it easy to see why his Clutch is at a record-setting pace.
I always appreciate your posts, tz. They always add something valuable. You should write some posts in the community – this would’ve been fantastic. Still fantastic as is, but could be more fantasticer. Anyways, keep it up!
Thanks Mark. I had considered turning the ARod info into a community piece, but…day job…..
But a lot of 9th inning PAs are completely low-leverage, like the lowest. If there’s really a statistically significant pattern for ARod in the 9th inning there must be some other explanation. How does he do in the 8th inning? In extra innings?
Good point, haven’t dug into the 9th inning too deeply.
His 8th inning tOPS+ is 94, and for extra innings it’s 102 (I think all the back-end relievers used in really long games is part of that number). The only innings that really stand out are the 6th (120 tOPS+) and the 9th (79).
Also, his late and close situation tOPS+ is 88. Something going on here, but not sure how much is driven by the difference in pitchers he faces late in the game vs. general “unclutchness”
http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/split.cgi?id=rodrial01&year=Career&t=b
tz,
I don’t think A-rod’s numbers are that unusual. Here are the league splits for tOPS+ for innings 1-9. Granted, it’s only 2016 data, but it’s still a lot of data. I don’t think extra years would generally skew it much:
1: 110
2: 93
3: 99
4: 106
5: 105
6: 105
7: 98
8: 93
9: 87
Ext: 87
I think there’s a basic explanation for these variations. The first inning is guaranteed to start at the top of your lineup, which generally has your best hitters. Innings 4-6 see a spike because the SP is going through the order a second/third time, when batters tend to do better. Then a decline starts in the 7th and continues through the rest of the game, as relievers take over. Not only are batters facing pitchers for a first time, there are also more likely to be stronger platoon advantages in the pitcher’s favor.
For what you posted about A-rod above, I don’t think his tOPS+ numbers vary that much from this trend above.
Moranall,
I’m glad you mentioned this. I had taken a look at the splits by inning for 2015 and saw a very similar pattern across the league. What this means is that if win expectancy charts are compiled based upon an assumed run production rate that is constant for all innings, your expected win probability will differ from what the charts say. For example, a team trailing in the late innings would actually have a lower win expectancy than the charts, since your expected run production is lower than average.
This is one of the reasons why Clutch tends to have certain biases. It’s not strictly because certain types of players are prone to do better in high leverage situations, but it’s also partly because of how the stat itself is constructed.
As for A-rod, I agree his pattern of tOPS+ is basically consistent with the league-wide averages, except probably for the 9th inning. But because of how the leverage index can skyrocket late in the game, it only takes a small deviation like that to make a big change in Clutch.
Clutch is way overrated as a stat. For a 10 year stretch 2003-2012 Willie Blomquist was the most clutch player in baseball, Juan Pierre was #2. My theory on that is if a pitcher in a high leverage situation sees a player with no power come to the plate, he’s not going to be nibbling with curve balls he’s going to go after Willie with heat and take his chances. And Willie would get credit for an infield hit or a week dribbler to the outfield that would do little damage.
http://www.fangraphs.com/leaders.aspx?pos=all&stats=bat&lg=all&qual=y&type=3&season=2012&month=0&season1=2003&ind=0&team=0&rost=0&age=0&filter=&players=0&sort=12,d
The highest leverage situations are late, close, with RISP, so an infield hit or weak dribbler would do damage.
Exactly. Think about a game tied in the bottom of the ninth, one out, and a runner on third. A walk-off infield dribbler adds as much win probability as a home run (and even more than a walk). This is why guys whose greatest offensive skill is contact tend to have higher Clutch scores.
Clutch is not a stat. It’s an observation of random sequencing events.
That’s funny, I was just looking at his stats and thinking he had surprisingly few RBIs. And, yes, that’s usually chalked up to playing in a bad lineup, or batting at an inoportune spot in the lineup, but neither of those things are true of Saunders. I ended coming away just assuming that Edwin Encarnacion had stolen all of his RBI chances, but, well, apparently that’s not all of it. Also, I know there isn’t an exact correlation between clutch/leverage and RBIs.
I thank you for this, you answered a question I wasn’t even really sure I was asking/was too lazy to figure out my self.