Here is an embarrassing sentence: After reading the newest Sally Rooney novel, I started playing a lot of chess. I’m not good, but I have been spending a lot of time trying to get better (tips are appreciated). All this chess got me thinking about the cliché that the batter-pitcher duel is like a chess match.
One thing I’ve learned? Getting your pieces in a good position to execute a checkmate is not the same skill as actually executing. The former follows a straightforward logic, playing the percentages on any given move, calculating the arithmetic of this or that trade; the latter is an art, relying on second-order thinking to design the final decisive move. Pitching is similar — to get on the front foot, the pitcher needs to throw two strikes before throwing two balls; the pitcher starts with the element of surprise and the hitter in an aggressive mindset. But when the hitter gets to two strikes, he will play defense, perhaps slowing his swing for accuracy while fouling off close pitches. In both chess and pitching, the killer move requires a little pizzazz.
In his return this season from a second Tommy John surgery, Walker Buehler wasn’t even thinking about checkmate. Through August, he was among the worst pitchers in the league at getting to two strikes before two balls. He was nibbling without great command, and he didn’t seem to have the confidence in his fastball to challenge hitters over the plate. Instead, he frequently fell behind, setting up a tightrope act from which he rarely escaped unscathed. Read the rest of this entry »
LOS ANGELES — The killer feature of a pitcher like Sean Manaea, circa October 2024, is the capacity to deceive. As has been documented at length, Manaea changed his arm angle midseason, dropping down from 28 degrees in April to 15 degrees by September. That move paid immediate dividends; Manaea dominated for the New York Mets down the stretch and excelled in the postseason. Because Manaea now throws from an arm angle so low to the ground, his high fastballs come in at an extremely flat vertical approach angle. A flat VAA distorts the hitter’s perception, creating the illusion of “rise.”
Squaring up a high fastball thrown from that angle with a flat swing requires incredible precision. If the bat is a few millimeters high, the hitter will drive the ball into the ground; a few millimeters low, and you’ve got a harmless popup.
No matter for Tommy Edman. In the third inning of Game 6 of the National League Championship Series, Manaea whipped a four-seamer with a -3.78 degree VAA to the tippy top of the zone; Edman ripped it into the left field bleachers for a two-run home run, effectively knocking Manaea out of the game. Edman racked up four RBI on Sunday, powering the Los Angeles Dodgers to a 10-5 victory and sending them to face the New York Yankees in the World Series.
LOS ANGELES — In early May, Ben Casparius struck out seven Springfield Cardinals over 5.1 scoreless innings, leading the Double-A Tulsa Drillers to a dominant 11-0 victory. Five months later, he was ripping filthy sliders to close out Game 1 of the NLCS for one of the richest teams in the sport.
This is life in the Dodgers bullpen at the moment. After a cursed season for injuries, one where they’ve deployed Plans A, B, C, and D, their Plan E involves a trio of talented-but-unproven arms picking up more innings than Dodgers manager Dave Roberts would like. At points, it has worked out incredibly well — the Dodgers ripped off 33 consecutive scoreless innings between the end of the NLDS and the start of the NLCS, tying a postseason record. But yesterday’s Game 2 revealed the downside of relying on Evan Phillips, Blake Treinen, Michael Kopech, and a bevy of backup options. The designed bullpen game went off the rails early, as the Mets put up six runs in the first two innings and cruised for the remainder of the contest.
Out of necessity, the Dodgers have thrust pitchers like Casparius into the spotlight. According to RosterResource, the Dodgers currently have seven starting pitchers on the injured list, including Tyler Glasnow, Clayton Kershaw, and Dustin May. That list does not include Bobby Miller, who was slated to be a big part of the rotation in April but was demoted to Oklahoma City in September after struggling with various maladies all year. It doesn’t include Shohei Ohtani, who is still rehabbing from elbow surgery. And it doesn’t include Alex Vesia, Michael Grove, Joe Kelly, or Brusdar Graterol, all off the postseason roster due to injuries suffered in the last few weeks. Read the rest of this entry »
LOS ANGELES — There was a glint in the eye of Dodgers manager Dave Roberts. Asked in the pregame press conference if his Game 1 starter, Jack Flaherty, would be making any adjustments after an unsteady start against the Padres in the NLDS, Roberts vamped for a bit before a grin broke across his face.
“I just feel he’s built for moments like this,” Roberts said. “I think the pulse, the stuff. I really feel a good one out of Jack tonight.”
Whether it was a premonition, insider knowledge, or — in the style of his fellow Angelenos — belief in his power to manifest reality, Roberts got exactly what he expected. Flaherty carried the Dodgers in Game 1 of the NLCS on Sunday night, shutting out the Mets for seven innings en route to a casual 9-0 victory and an early series lead.
The right-hander, acquired from Detroit in a trade deadline deal, was in control all night. He allowed two walks and two singles but otherwise held the Mets at bay, striking out six and holding New York to an .233 expected batting average. It felt like the Mets couldn’t figure out whether to sit on Flaherty’s loopy knuckle curve or his firmer gyro slider. Stuck between these two distinct breaking balls, the Mets flailed around, swinging through his breakers, lifting them for harmless fly balls, or — on the rare occasions when they squared him up — sending them straight into the gloves of the Dodgers defense. To right-handed hitters, Flaherty threw a near-identical number of curves and sliders, making it difficult to key in on a specific pitch type. Read the rest of this entry »
On Monday afternoon, across his seven innings of shutout work against the Cleveland Guardians in Game 2 of the ALDS, Tarik Skubal threw five pitches that moved to his glove side. His other 87 pitches — fastballs, sinkers, and changeups — went the other direction. Here’s what that looked like on a pitch movement plot:
Skubal’s “Oops! no breaking balls” approach was an extreme version of the arsenal that powered his Cy Young-caliber campaign, and may well be his primary plan as he takes on the Guardians in Game 5 of the ALDS on Saturday. Unlike most of our contemporary aces, Skubal doesn’t dominate with huge shapes or funky angles. There are no Sale-esque sweepers, knee-buckling splitters, gravity-defying heaters, or mind-meltingly flat vertical approach angles. Few pitchers thrive while concentrating 95% of their pitches in one quadrant of the pitch plot. But Skubal does. He excels by pitching like a turbocharged Kyle Freeland. Read the rest of this entry »
Every pitcher starts an at-bat with a plan of some sort. Usually, they execute the plan. But sometimes the plan goes awry. And the plan definitely went awry when Emmanuel Clase faced Kerry Carpenter in the ninth inning of Game 2 of the Tigers-Guardians ALDS.
On the sixth pitch of the plate appearance, Carpenter uncorked a massive blast off Clase to give the Tigers a late 3-0 lead. A half-inning later, and Detroit had the series tied up at one game apiece. It was the hardest hit ball that Clase had ever given up. It was the first home run this season he’d allowed to a lefty. He allowed five earned runs the entire regular season; on that chuck alone, he gave up three. Read the rest of this entry »
Everyone thought it was gone. Jurickson Profar hopped around, ostensibly upset that Mookie Betts’ fly ball had dropped into the left field seats. The camera panned to Betts triumphantly rounding the bases. The scorebug flipped from zero to one under the Dodgers logo. And then, a few seconds later, all was clear: Profar had pulled a Julio Rodríguez, fooling everyone into thinking it was a homer before whipping the ball back into the infield. He wasn’t hopping out of frustration, it turned out; on second look, he was engaging in some well-earned taunting, goading the assembled Dodgers fans after his excellent defensive play.
Profar’s first-inning home run robbery and subsequent gloating was a sign of things to come. In a tense clash between these two Southern California rivals, the Padres came out on top, 10-2, to level the NLDS at a game apiece, battling their opponents both on and off the field throughout the course of this bizarre evening.
The weirdness peaked in the seventh inning, when the game was delayed for over 10 minutes while fans threw things — including baseballs and beer cans — onto the field, pausing the action. While security guards attempted to get the crowd under control, Padres manager Mike Shildt gathered his fielders, issuing a fiery impromptu pep talk as the team huddled around their appointed leader. After the inning, an even larger group meeting was held in the Padres dugout, this time led by the on-the-field leader, Manny Machado, who issued marching orders to the rest of the San Diego roster. Read the rest of this entry »
As Gunnar Henderson stepped to the plate in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 2 of the AL Wild Card Series on Wednesday night, his team down by a run and one out from elimination, it felt like something special was brewing. Late-inning tension, high stakes, one of the sport’s biggest stars: The postseason was peaking, and the young superstar held the Orioles’ fate in his hands, poised to deliver a signature moment. Unfortunately, he had to deal with Lucas Erceg’s changeup.
I’ve followed Erceg all year, first from afar, mystified by the flamethrower that materialized out of nowhere in the Oakland bullpen, and then with a closer eye when he moved to Kansas City, watching him slip seamlessly into the fireman role in the Royals bullpen. His eye-popping fastball velocity caught my attention, but it’s the changeup stealing the show on the bright October stage.
Lucas Erceg Pitch Specs
Pitch Type
Induced Vertical Break (in.)
Horizontal Break (in.)
Release Height (ft.)
Velocity (mph)
Usage (%)
Changeup
6.7
-17.9
5.9
91
19.9
Four-seamer
15.1
-10.1
6
98.6
30.9
Sinker
10.2
-15.8
6.1
98.5
21.3
Slider
-3.1
-0.1
6
85.7
27.9
SOURCE: Baseball Savant
As the table shows, Erceg’s velocity sits at the top of the scale. His four-seam fastball averages 99 mph. Again, he sits at 99 mph. But the results on it were just so-so: It graded out at 0.1 runs per 100 pitches by Baseball Savant’s run value calculations, neither helping nor really hurting him.
I think the pitch’s performance can be explained by its exceedingly “normal” shape. (Shout out to Leo Morgenstern.) Erceg throws his fastball from a 43-degree arm angle, which is smack dab in the tall part of the histogram among major league pitchers. From that bog-standard arm angle, his fastball gets roughly league-average induced vertical break.
Max Bay’s “dynamic dead zone” application projects how batters might perceive Erceg’s fastball relative to arm angle expectations. While the pitch drifts further to his arm-side than batters might initially expect, the vertical expectations are basically identical. The conventional shape of his four-seam fastball knocks it down a peg from a “stuff” perspective, taking it from plus-plus to maybe just plus.
But a high-velocity fastball doesn’t exist in a vacuum — it exists in the context of all in which it lives and what came before it. In other words, it impacts all of the other pitches in an arsenal. As Erceg rears back to throw, hitters have to keep that 99 mph in mind. And that expectation will certainly help a changeup play up.
The velocity separation between his four-seam fastball and changeup is solid — Erceg’s changeup averages 91 mph — but the horizontal movement of the pitch is its most distinct quality. It averaged 17.9 inches of horizontal movement this season; of the 165 pitchers who threw at least 150 changeups in the regular season, only three averaged more horizontal movement, putting Erceg in the 98th percentile.
Some of that arm-side fade is seam-shifted-wake effects; some of it is connected to Erceg’s motor preferences. (Mario Delgado Genzor wrote a great primer on motor preferences for Baseball Prospectus in January.) Erceg, as far as I can tell, is a pronator, which means that his natural throwing motion is conductive to changeups that run and fade to the arm side. Watch how he whips his forearm toward his body in the slow-motion part of this video:
In these playoffs, at least, it’s been not just the movement that’s exceptional, but his pinpoint command of the pitch. On that 1-2 changeup to strike out Henderson, he buried it in that perfect location right below the knees, where it looks like a low fastball right up until the point that it isn’t.
What makes one changeup better than another is generally one of the more difficult questions to answer in pitching analysis. Royals ace Cole Ragans, for example, had one of the best changeups in baseball this season. Its effectiveness can’t really be explained by its shape — it doesn’t have much depth or movement differential from the fastball. But hitters, time and again, swing through the pitch, deceived by Ragans’ arm action or the way the trajectory mirrors his fastball or some other variable that is impossible to measure. Unlike a fastball, a changeup cannot be easily graded by a stuff model because it depends on how it plays against the expectations of the fastball.
What makes Erceg’s changeup good, however, seems pretty obvious to me. It goes fast and it moves a ton, almost like a lefty slider.
The changeup helps Erceg stand above other relievers with more limited arsenals. Against righties, he is mostly a sinker-slider guy, throwing his two-seamer in on the hands and then dropping his slider below the knees for whiffs. But against lefties, he relies on his four-seamer and changeup, neutralizing lethal lefties like Henderson. The results bear this out — Erceg faced roughly an equal amount of righties and lefties this season and held them both in check (.242 wOBA against righties, .279 wOBA against lefties).
There is a flip side to extreme pronation: It is hard to throw big, sweepy glove-side breaking balls. And yet Erceg’s slider has actually graded out as his best pitch by run value and whiff rate this season. As Erceg’s pitch movement plot shows, befitting his pronation bias, the slider doesn’t actually get any glove-side movement, coming awfully close to achieving a true “deathball” shape. Note the yellow dots representing the sliders he threw this season:
Even without glove-side movement, that shape can still be super effective. When Kumar Rocker made his debut, some analysts were throwing 80 grades on his “deathball” slider. Erceg’s slider is shaped just like Rocker’s, but Erceg throws his a couple miles an hour harder.
Erceg’s top-end velocity, platoon-neutral arsenal, and rapidly improving command (a 14.3% walk rate in 2023, an 11.9% walk rate when Michael Baumann wrote about him in May, and a 4.4% walk rate since that post) suggest to me that he could make a transition to starting pitching. Even if he drops two or even three miles per hour while stretching out to six-inning appearances, the fastball velocity will still be well above average. And if the Royals do decide to go that route, they could accrue significant benefits without risking too much. According to Roster Resource, they have him under team control through the rest of the 2020s, giving them plenty of opportunity to reverse course if it doesn’t work out.
Lucas Erceg, quality major league starter — it’d be quite an ending to a remarkable story. He was drafted by the Brewers as a third baseman in 2016, but after struggling to hit in the high minors before and after the pandemic, Erceg made the switch to pitching. Just 18 months ago, our lead prospect analyst Eric Longenhagen wrote that “his mechanical inconsistency impacts his fastball location,” but noted that Erceg had a “chance to make a consistent big league impact if things click for him command-wise.” He is still so new to this, and so it is easy to imagine what could be.
But all of that is for the future. Right here, right now, in the heart of the playoffs, Erceg is the primary weapon out of a surprisingly solid Kansas City bullpen. And it’s the changeup, in my view, that is setting him apart.
Martijn Verhoeven wears many hats. As the research lead for the Twins sports science department, he is in conversation with all sorts of people, including baseball operations staffers, coaches, hitters, pitchers, and the medical staff. Verhoeven is armed with biomechanical data from KinaTrax, and the insights from the data help all these people do their jobs.
For understandable reasons, the Twins want to keep these insights private. Baseball is a zero-sum game — only one team can win the AL Central, and so the Twins would prefer their divisional opponents not know what they’re thinking.
But there is one area where this tendency for teams to hunt competitive advantages might be working against their interests: identifying solutions to the pitcher injury crisis.
“We have this massive injury epidemic,” Verhoeven told me. “There are times where I wish [teams] could share more and collaborate more because ultimately I think everyone would benefit from just having the best players on the field longer and more often. You can tell that people who’ve worked with this data for a long time are sort of moving toward [asking], ‘What can we do from a collective point of view in terms of making some of this understanding available?’” Read the rest of this entry »
If I’ve learned anything from the new Statcast bat tracking data, it’s that bat speed alone isn’t sufficient to produce a high-quality major league hitter. Johnathan Rodriguez, Trey Cabbage, Zach Dezenzo, Jerar Encarnacion — all of these guys, at this early stage of their major league careers, swing hard but miss harder. Bat speed only matters when you make contact.
When you do hit the ball, however, it’s nice when your swing is as fast as possible. Swinging fast while making good contact most of the time — it’s hard to do, but if you can do it, you’re probably one of the best hitters in baseball.
The reason it’s rare is because these two variables — swinging hard and making solid contact — are negatively correlated. As some probably remember from when these stats originally dropped, Luis Arraez swings the slowest and squares up everything, while Giancarlo Stanton swings the fastest but seldom connects. A slow swing is a more precise swing, and so the group of hitters who can swing precisely while letting it rip are uncommon.
