Ben Lindbergh and Meg Rowley banter about the end of the Yankees’ beard ban, the potential end of MLB’s business relationship with ESPN, and whether the World Baseball Classic should imitate the NHL’s 4 Nations Face-Off. Then they preview the 2025 Texas Rangers (50:07) with MLB.com’s Kennedi Landry, and the 2025 Pittsburgh Pirates (1:27:23) with Pittsburgh Baseball Now’s John Perrotto, plus a postscript (2:03:57) about Ben’s growing affection for Tigers righty John Brebbia.
The heavy lifting for the offseason appears to be over, unless there’s a big trade coming down the pike. (Remember, Dylan Cease wasn’t moved from the White Sox to the Padres until March 13 last year.) But that doesn’t mean nothing has happened in the last week; there were still some stragglers on the free agent market who found teams as spring camps opened, and there’ll be more yet in the lead up to Opening Day. Let’s go over the moves, all of which are updated in the Offseason Matrices document.
Turner’s days of getting significant action at third base are over, so I don’t think his acquisition is going to give Matt Shaw any less of a chance of winning the job out of camp. Most of Turner’s plate appearances are likely to come against lefties, spelling lefty-swinging first baseman Michael Busch. The Cubs could also theoretically do some rearranging (Ian Happ to center, Seiya Suzuki to left) to give Turner some DH run against lefties, but that’s a big defensive downgrade from Pete Crow-Armstrong.
Pirates Sign Andrew Heaney for One Year, $5.25 Million
Heaney hasn’t been anything spectacular over the last couple of years, but he’s a pretty good bet to take the ball for 25-plus starts for a third straight season. He’ll follow Paul Skenes, Jared Jones, and Mitch Keller in the rotation. Bailey Falter is likely to take the fifth spot, with Johan Oviedo, who is coming off Tommy John surgery, also in the mix. Heaney’s recent dabbling in bouncing back and forth between the rotation and bullpen could prove useful down the stretch, assuming at least one of Bubba Chandler, Mike Burrows, Braxton Ashcraft, and Anthony Solometo is ready to contribute at some point this year.
Nationals Sign Lucas Sims for One Year, $3 Million
Sims signed a deal identical to the one Jorge López got last month, and both will be taken into account for the Nationals’ open closer job after they non-tendered Kyle Finnegan. Sims ended the season with a rough 15 appearances for the Red Sox in which he walked more batters than he struck out, but has a good track record of swing-and-miss stuff. Derek Law and Jose A. Ferrer could also get outs in the late innings for Washington.
Alexander is one of just two relievers who is 100% assured of a spot in the Rockies bullpen, along with presumptive closer Tyler Kinley. Seth Halvorsen and Luis Peralta had excellent (small-sample) MLB debuts last year, Victor Vodnik showed some flashes and picked up nine saves, and former closer Justin Lawrence is out of options. Alexander’s ability to get grounders with the best of them should work quite well at Coors Field.
Rangers Sign Luke Jackson for One Year, $1.5 Million
The top six (!!!) relievers in the Rangers’ projected bullpen weren’t on the 2024 club, though Texas is plenty familiar with Jackson, who made his MLB debut with the team in 2015, the last year of Mike Maddux’s first stint as the club’s pitching coach. The Rangers are probably all set with the bullpen now, with those top six spots locked in and no fewer than 10 arms vying for the final two.
Athletics Sign Luis Urías for One Year, $1.1 Million
Urías figures to compete with fellow new Athletic Gio Urshela for the open third base spot, and he can also spell Zack Gelof at second base when he needs a day off. It’s possible that the A’s have just one open roster spot remaining for a position player, with the top contenders being Esteury Ruiz, Max Schuemann, Darell Hernaiz, Brett Harris, and CJ Alexander. The Other Max Muncy could make his debut sometime this year.
Nationals Sign Paul DeJong for One Year, $1 Million
DeJong is settling for a much more limited role than he signed for last year, when he agreed to a $1.5 million contract with the White Sox early in the offseason to be their starting shortstop. Despite hitting 24 homers in his best season 2019, DeJong had to take a deal for two-thirds of his 2024 salary. With the Nationals, he’ll have to fight for plate appearances at third base with José Tena and Amed Rosario, while also occasionally spelling CJ Abrams at short. Alas, the free agent market isn’t always rational, especially this time of year.
Guardians Sign John Means for One Year, $1 Million
For the 2025 Guardians, Means doesn’t mean too much. After undergoing his second Tommy John surgery in three years last June, it’s hard to foresee the lefty pitching for Cleveland at any point this year, since his first rehab took 16 months. If his recovery goes well, the Guardians have a $6 million club option for 2026, a bargain for a pitcher of Means’ caliber so long as he is healthy.
Who’s Still a Free Agent?
Remaining free agents who could plausibly earn a major league deal include:
The need to define a scope, to create a boundary of coverage, creates a hole in prospect writing. Most public-facing prospect publications, FanGraphs included, analyze and rank players who are still rookie-eligible because, contrary to what you’ve probably learned about my capacity to be long-winded over the years, you just have to stop somewhere. Because of this, every year there are players who fall through the cracks between the boundaries of prospect coverage and big league analysis. These are often players who came up, played enough to exhaust their rookie eligibility, and then got hurt and had a long-term rehab in the minors. Or who graduated and then have been mothballed at Triple-A due to clogged major league rosters ahead of them. The goal of this piece is to highlight some of the players who no longer fit the parameters of my prospect lists and provide an updated long-term scouting prognosis for each of them.
Peraza was evaluated as an average everyday shortstop when he was last a prospect. Backburnered due to the emergence of Anthony Volpe, Peraza is still an above-average shortstop defender despite average arm strength. He’s always had a slight power-over-hit offensive skillset, and that dynamic has continued; Peraza still has above-average bat speed but only had a 71% contact rate in 2024. He dealt with a shoulder strain which kept him out for most of the first two months of the season and might have impacted his hitting ability. If the shoulder injury continues to affect his bat and he ends up with closer to a 30-grade hit tool instead of his projected 45, he would end up as a utility man rather than a regular.
Rodriguez came to Pittsburgh via the three-team Joe Musgrove deal in 2021, and graduated in 2023 as a 55-FV prospect thanks to projected plus contact ability and catching defense. He needed Tommy John surgery after the 2023 season and missed almost all of 2024, except for 10 games in September at Altoona and Indianapolis. Rodriguez looks bigger and stronger now, and the receiving aspect of his catching defense was fine when he returned, though he had only a few opportunities to throw (he popped 1.97, and 1.90 on a throw cut in front of the bag) and wasn’t really forced to block any pitches in the dirt in his few games back there. Offensively, he looked rusty. He wasn’t rotating as well as before the injury, but he still flashed low-ball bat control from both sides of the dish. I’m wondering if the Pirates had conversations about Rodriguez playing winter ball as a way to get him live reps and, if so, why they decided not to send him. He didn’t play enough to have cogent, updated thoughts on anything but his defense, which I thought looked fine.
I started to move off of Luciano prior to the start of the 2023 season, when he fell to the very back of my Top 100, then was completely off it in 2024. Not only had he made zero progress as a shortstop defender but cracks began to show in his offense. Across the last couple of seasons, as opposing pitchers’ fastball velocity climbed while Luciano traversed the minors, his ability to pull fastballs completely evaporated. He can crush a hanging breaking ball, but his bat path is such that he can really only inside-out heaters to right field. Through my own learned experience, this has become a warning sign when it’s true of low-level prospects. If Luciano can’t pull fastballs when they’re 92 mph, what happens when they’re 95? Well, we’re finding out that it means he has a 70% contact rate, and that in effort to be more on time against fastballs he’s lunging at sliders and missing 40% of those. For a player who is only now just starting to learn the outfield, and therefore not really bringing anything polished to the table at the moment, that’s a problem. The late transition on defense was a stubborn misstep, probably by some combination of Luciano and the org. The Giants were perhaps trying to preserve Luciano’s prospect value for as long as possible (which I suppose worked to an extent, just not here at FG) by leaving him at shortstop and hoping nobody would notice he couldn’t actually play there.
The good news is that Luciano still hits the ball really hard, as do the couple of good big league outfielders who power through their sub-70% contact rates, which appears to be what Luciano will have to do. Think of guys like Teoscar Hernández and Brent Rooker, who broke out in their late 20s. Outcomes like that are perhaps an eventuality for Luciano, but the Giants aren’t exactly in a long-term rebuild such that they’ll be happy to wait around for it to happen. Luciano is also entering his final option year, which means if they want to retain him, those growing pains will have to occur under the big league spotlight. His tenure with San Francisco has been painted into a bit of a corner. He’s still a 40+ FV player for me, and I think Luciano will have a meaningful power-hitting peak in his physical prime, but I think that’s more likely to occur in a different uniform.
I’m still keen on Matos who, despite some relevant flaws, is a special contact hitter with unique pull power characteristics. Matos graduated as a 55-FV prospect in 2023, in part because I believed he could play a viable center field (he cannot). He spent most of 2024 at Triple-A and has struggled to find big league footing, slashing a career .235/.288/.344 in 400 total plate appearances across a couple of seasons. Despite a frustrating tendency to chase, Matos has still maintained high-end contact rates (92% in-zone, 85% overall), and he has a special ability to cover high fastballs with power. A body blow to Matos’ fit on a big league roster is that he’s a below-average corner defender. That’s fine for guys like Juan Soto, Yordan Alvarez, Riley Greene, and Anthony Santander, but less so for one-note offensive performers, which is what Matos might be. Matos’ chase, and the way it saps his game power because he’s putting sub-optimal pitches into play, makes it more likely that his FV hovers in that 30-to-40 range when you stack him against the other corner outfielders across the next several seasons.
Walker was sent down to Memphis in April, didn’t come back up until mid-August, and struggled on both sides of the ball upon his return. The Cardinals have a new hitting coach and so this might change, but Walker’s swing (and more specifically his spray despite his style of swinging) is bizarre. He hits with an enormous open stride, bailing way out toward third base, the swing of someone trying like hell to pull the ball. But he still mostly doesn’t, certainly not as much as you’d expect from someone swinging like this. Walker has also never had especially good secondary pitch recognition, and changeups and sliders both performed like plus-plus pitches against him last year. His current swing certainly doesn’t help him cover those outer edge sliders.
On defense, Walker made a full-time transition from third base to the outfield in 2023, but he’s never looked comfortable catching the baseball out there, and that remained true at the end of 2024. Walker is still only 22 years old and has impact tools in his power, speed, and arm strength. His top-end speed for a 6-foot-6, 250-pound guy is amazing, his outfield arm is one of the better ones in baseball, and his bat speed is near elite. Aside from his lack of plate discipline, Walker shares a lot of similarities with Pat Burrell. Burrell was also a heavy-footed outfielder who relied on his arm on defense, and his issues with secondary pitches continued throughout his career, but ultimately his power made him a very productive player for a long time. Walker was in the big leagues before he turned 21, and Burrell didn’t debut until well after his 23rd birthday. I think Walker deserves more runway, and I’m still optimistic that he can be a middle-of-the-order hitter during his window of team control, but there probably has to be a swing change here.
For the last couple of years, Pratto’s strikeout rates have continued to hover around 30%, even in the minors, and while his swing still has superlative lift, his raw power has plateaued and is insufficient for a first baseman striking out this much. He’s out of options and is on the Royals’ roster bubble.
Trammell only played 10 big league games last year. He looks pretty much the same as he did in 2021 when he was struggling to get his footing in Seattle. He still has above-average power and speed, but he’s a 65% contact hitter who hasn’t been able to cover high fastballs. Despite his speed, Trammell is still not an especially skilled defender; he is a clunky fit in center, and his arm makes left field his best spot. He doesn’t make enough contact to be a regular, but he fits great on a roster as the fifth outfielder. He brings big energy and motor to the party, and he can run into the occasional extra-base hit coming off the bench.
Grissom, who was traded straight up for Chris Sale, looked pretty bad in 2024 amid multiple hamstring injuries. He is not a good defensive second baseman (the only position he played last year), and has a 50-hit, 40-power combination on offense. That’s a fringe big leaguer.
Joseph Cress/Iowa City Press-Citizen/USA TODAY NETWORK
One of the most exciting developments of 2025 is also one of the most surprising: Love Is Blind has its mojo back. After a white-hot start in 2020, Netflix’s reality dating show put out three consecutive snoozefest seasons in 2023 and 2024. (The entire D.C. season could’ve been an email.)
But the first six episodes of Season 8 debuted last Friday, covering the first phase of the show, and it’s been a hot minute since we saw this much drama in the pods. Far from the usual slate of boring couples playing along just to stay on TV, this season has had (I’ll try to avoid spoilers) a love quadrilateral, a shocking violation of show norms, and multiple contestants just packing it in and going home. It’s been a blast.
Here’s something else Season 8 has: Multiple former college baseball players. That’s right, it’s not a nightmare, we’re talking about reality. Read the rest of this entry »
Hunter Bigge’s baseball career was in limbo when he graduated from Harvard University in 2021 with a degree in physics. Drafted in the 12th round by the Chicago Cubs two years earlier, the 26-year-old right-hander had scuffled in High-A and was unsure if he should continue to pursue his boyhood dream or move on to a career outside of baseball. Returning to the Ivy League institution to complete his studies following that difficult season gave him options, but he still loved the game.
Fast forward to 2024, and Bigge was thriving in the big leagues.
Bigge debuted with the Cubs on July 9, then a few weeks later was dealt to the Tampa Bay Rays along with Ty Johnson and Christopher Morel in exchange for Isaac Paredes. He excelled in both uniforms. With 15 of his 19 appearances coming after the trade, Bigge worked 17 1/2 total frames, fanning 24 batters while allowing 17 hits and just five free passes. Moreover, he posted a 2.60 ERA, a 2.76 FIP, and a 32.9% strikeout rate. His heater played a huge role in his success. At 97.5 mph, it ranked in the 94th percentile among his contemporaries.
Bigge discussed his path to the big leagues, and his approach on the mound, during the final weekend of the 2024 season.
———
David Laurila: Let’s start with one of my favorite icebeaker questions: Do you approach pitching as more of an art, or as more of a science?
Hunter Bigge: “I approach it more as an art. I’m pretty analytical, but I don’t think the analytical part of my brain is the one that allows me to play the best. I try to come at it with a little more flexibility. I let the science inform the high-level decisions, but when I’m out there, I’m thinking of it more like a dance with the hitter.” Read the rest of this entry »
Nobody wants to throw a backup slider. They are, definitionally, an accident. But announcers and analysts alike have noted that these unintentional inside sliders — perhaps due to their surprise factor — tend not to get hit. In 2021, Owen McGrattan found that backup sliders, defined as sliders thrown inside and toward the middle of the strike zone, perform surprisingly well.
I’ll add one additional reason these pitches are effective: They move more than any other slider.
I analyzed over 33,000 sweepers thrown by right-handed pitchers in the 2024 season. I found a clear linear relationship between the horizontal release angle of a sweeper and the horizontal acceleration, better understood as the break of the pitch. On average, as the horizontal release angle points further toward the pitcher’s arm side, the pitch is thrown with more horizontal movement.
Josh Hejka, a pitcher in the Philadelphia Phillies minor league system, told me these results corresponded with his anecdotal experience.
“I’ve often noticed — whether in game or in the bullpen — that the sliders I throw arm side tend to actually have the best shape,” Hejka said. “I believe it’s conventional wisdom across baseball that the backup sliders tend to actually be the nastiest.”
Check out all the movement Corbin Burnes gets on this backup slider from last season.
The relationship between horizontal release angle and movement also holds true for sinkers. When a sinker is aimed further to the glove side — for pitchers facing same-handed hitters, this would be a backdoor sinker — the pitch gets, on average, more horizontal movement, as is the case with this pitch from Anthony Bender.
The explanation for the relationship is straightforward enough. When sweepers are thrown to the arm side and sinkers are thrown to the glove side, the pitcher’s grip is such that maximum force is applied to the side of the baseball, allowing for more sidespin. In a 2015 interview with David Laurila, then-Royals pitching coach Dave Eiland described why sliders back up.
“They really get around it; they don’t get over the top and pull down,” Eiland said. “It’s unintentional, more of a misfire, so to speak. If you could do that intentionally, you’d have a decent pitch.”
It isn’t just sweepers and sinkers that show a relationship between release angles and movement. Back in August, I investigated the mystery of the invisible fastball. Why was a pitch like Shota Imanaga’s fastball, with its elite vertical movement and flat approach angle, so rare? I found that vertical release angles mediate the relationship between both variables. A fastball thrown with a flatter release angle gets less backspin, and so to achieve both requires outlier mechanical skills.
Release angles don’t just measure the nature of a grip, they also dictate the location of the pitch. I conclude that where the pitcher aims a pitch changes the way it moves. For fastballs, pulling down on the ball allows for more backspin. For sweepers and sinkers, getting around the ball allows for more sidespin. Analysts attempt to separate “stuff” from “location;” these findings complicate that conversation.
***
Before we go any further, it’s important to know what exactly is a release angle. Release angles measure — or, in this case, approximate — the angle at which the ball comes out of the pitcher’s hand. For vertical release angles, anything above zero degrees suggests the ball is pointing upward at release; most vertical release angles, particularly for four-seam fastballs, are negative, meaning that the pitcher is aiming the ball downward at release.
Horizontal angles work the same way, but in the x-dimension. Positive values mean the ball is pointed toward the pitcher’s left; negative values point toward the pitcher’s right. (This is a feature of the original Pitch F/X coordinate system, when it was determined that x-dimension pointed to the catcher’s right.) In any case, release angles, both horizontal and vertical, attempt to capture the exact position of the ball at release. Because they capture the position of the ball at release, they contain information about the pitcher’s aim and, it turns out, the force they’re applying to the ball.
My research finds that there is a relationship between horizontal release angles and horizontal acceleration. In simpler terms, the way the ball is released out of the hand, and therefore where it is aimed, impacts the movement of the pitch.
There are some confounding variables in this specific relationship. The Hawkeye cameras (and, in earlier times, the Pitch F/X technology) report accelerations in three dimensions. These accelerations are measured relative to a fixed point on the field, which happens to be right in front of home plate. Because these accelerations are fixed to one point, the reported values can be biased by the position of release in space. This is far from intuitive, so it might be helpful to consider an example.
Remember that Burnes sweeper from the introduction? It accelerated at roughly 16 feet per second squared in the x-dimension. Imagine that instead of throwing his sweeper from the mound, Burnes threw it from the third base dugout. It’s the exact same pitch as before — same velocity, same horizontal break — but the release point has completely changed. On a fixed global coordinate system of movement measurement, the acceleration in the x-dimension no longer describes the pitch’s relevant movement; all that sideways movement would instead be measured in the y-dimension.
Credit: Filipa Ioannou
This is an extreme example to illustrate the point, but on a smaller scale, this fixed point measurement system biases acceleration measurements. In order to fix this bias, accelerations can be recalculated to be relative to the pitch’s original trajectory, removing the influence of the release point on the acceleration value. These calculations come courtesy of Alan Nathan; Josh Hejka rewrote them as Python code, making my job easy.
A slight nuance:
The accelerations given by MLB (ax, ay, az) are biased by pitch location.
To make these values location-agnostic, we need to adjust the acceleration vector to be relative to the initial trajectory (i.e. the initial velocity vector vx0, vy0, vz0).
Even after accounting for these confounding variables, the relationship between release angles and movement is still present. As the plot shows, it isn’t a particularly strong relationship — when modeled, a two-degree change in horizontal release angle is associated with roughly a foot per second increase in transverse acceleration. But while the relationship is not as strong as that between four-seam fastballs and vertical release angle, it is nonetheless meaningful.
Alternatively, the relationship can be measured using good old-fashioned “pfx_x,” or horizontal movement, which is also measured relative to the pitch’s original trajectory. Why go through all this effort to transform the accelerations? For one thing, I had a good time. And also, isn’t it fun to imagine Burnes throwing sweepers from the dugout?
The plot of horizontal location and horizontal movement, with each pitch colored by its horizontal release angle, illuminates the ostensible lack of a relationship between pitch location — measured by “plate_x” on the plot below — and movement. Draw your attention to the patch of dark blue dots around the -2 line of the x-axis. There are two potential ways for a sweeper to end up two feet off the plate inside. It can be thrown with a horizontal release angle around zero and little sideways movement, or it can be thrown with a negative horizontal release angle and lots of sideways movement.
The same relationship holds true for horizontal release angles and two-seam fastballs after the aforementioned adjustments.
On the individual pitcher level, the relationship is slightly weaker; on average, the r-squared is roughly 0.04 for sweepers, with variation between pitchers on the strength of this relationship. Zack Wheeler’s sweeper movement, for example, appears to be particularly sensitive to release angles:
***
Ultimately, analysts attempt to separate “stuff,” defined as the inherent quality of a pitch, from “location,” defined as where the pitch ends up. But what this research suggests is that, to some degree, these two qualities are inseparable. (I wrote about this a bit on my Pitch Plots Substack last September.) Certain pitches generate their movement profiles because of where they’re aimed out of the hand.
These findings naturally lead to deeper questions about the interaction between biomechanics and pitch movement. While there are variables (arm angle, release height, etc.) that are commonly understood to influence movement, these findings suggest that there are even more granular factors to explore.
Is the angle of the elbow flexion at maximum external rotation the most influential variable? Is it hip-shoulder separation? Torso anterior tilt? Pelvis rotation at foot plant? How much do each of these components contribute to pitch shapes?
Thanks to data from Driveline’s OpenBiomechanics Project, it’s easy to model the relationship between dozens of biomechanical variables and the velocity of the pitch. There are about 400 pitches in the database; by attaching markers to a pitcher moving through space, points of interest can be calculated and then compared to the pitch’s velocity.
In this public dataset, Driveline does not provide the movement characteristics of the pitch. But if the force applied to the ball based on the direction of its aim affects the movement of the pitch, it follows that these variables could be measured in a detailed manner. On the team side, KinaTrax outputs provide the markerless version of these data, providing a sample of hundreds of thousands of pitches from a major league population. Imagine the possibilities.
Correction: A previous version of this article misstated the units of acceleration of Burnes’ backup sweeper. It is feet per second squared, not feet per second.
Ben Lindbergh and Meg Rowley banter about the start of spring training games, the charms of Tigers reliever John Brebbia, whether MLB’s uniform pants were always semi-transparent, and Shohei Ohtani’s parallel parking skills. Then they preview the 2025 Seattle Mariners (27:37) with Ryan Divish of The Seattle Times, and the 2025 Cincinnati Reds (1:12:53) with The Athletic’s C. Trent Rosecrans.
Wrights_Back: What would the Mets have to give up to get Cease – if he is available?
12:02
Dan Szymborski: I think the closer we get to the season, the more the Padres will hang onto him.
12:03
Dan Szymborski: The Mets would certainly have to give up something real. YOu can probably fatten the offer a bit with guys the Padres have more reason to like than the Mets.
12:04
Dan Szymborski: Like Clifford, who is probably more useful to San Diego, but you’re not going to land him with JUST Clifford
12:04
Dan Szymborski: I kinda get the idea that the mets are happyw ith their rotation, and not likely to meet a rich price
Spring is the time of year when we wax poetic about possibility. “Behold,” we say to ourselves as we remember the feeling of the sun’s warmth on our skin, “we have once again foiled the earth’s attempts to murder us with subzero temperatures and an unceasing barrage of unrelentingly cheery and/or horny Christmas songs. The time for survival is past; now is the time to thrive.” Among baseball players, pitchers stand alone in their capacity for reinvention. They have the chance to add a new weapon, and in so doing level up into an entirely new pitcher. After all, what are we if not a collection of our attributes? Maybe you used to be a sinkerballer, but once you added a slider, you evolved into an entirely new species: the sinker-slider guy.
I spent Wednesday afternoon trawling through search results and Jeff Zimmerman’s indispensable Mining the News feature looking for reports of new pitches. The fruits of that labor populate the table below, and they are legion. As it turns out, even MLB: The Show has finally added a sweeper. Beneath the table, I will spend a sentence or three on each of the 21 pitchers who is reportedly working on a new offering. Not all of these pitches will actually make it into a regular season game. Fewer still, possibly even none, will have a discernible impact on a player’s season or career. But that shouldn’t keep us from dreaming on them. There are some really big names here. Maybe Kevin Gausman’s new cutter will run interference for his four-seamer, returning him a while longer to the fraternity of undisputed aces. Who are we to deem any future unreachable before even attempting the journey? Read the rest of this entry »
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Dan Szymborski